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Azure Container Apps is a fully managed serverless container service that enables you to build and deploy modern, cloud-native Java applications and microservices at scale. It offers a simplified developer experience while providing the flexibility and portability of containers.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, you can get started over on the documentation page.

And, you can also ask questions and leave feedback on the Azure Container Apps GitHub page.

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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

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Since its introduction in Java 8, the Stream API has become a staple of Java development. The basic operations like iterating, filtering, mapping sequences of elements are deceptively simple to use.

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Explore Spring Boot 3 and Spring 6 in-depth through building a full REST API with the framework:

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1. Overview

This tutorial gives a brief overview of testing a REST API using curl.

curl is a command-line tool for transferring data, and it supports about 22 protocols, including HTTP. This combination makes it a very good ad-hoc tool for testing our REST services.

Further reading:

Testing Web APIs with Postman Collections

Learn how to create a Postman Collection that can test a REST API

A Guide to REST-assured

Explore the basics of REST-assured - a library that simplifies the testing and validation of REST APIs.

2. Command-line Options

curl supports over 200 command-line options. We can have zero or more of them to accompany the URL in the command.

Before we use it for our purposes, let’s take a look at two that would make our lives easier.

2.1. Verbose

When we’re testing, it’s a good idea to set the verbose mode on:

curl -v http://www.example.com/

As a result, the commands provide helpful information such as the resolved IP address, the port we’re trying to connect to, and the headers.

2.2. Output

By default, curl outputs the response body to standard output. Additionally, we can provide the output option to save to a file:

curl -o out.json http://www.example.com/index.html

This is especially helpful when the response size is large.

3. HTTP Methods With curl

Every HTTP request contains a method. The most commonly used methods are GET, POST, PUT and DELETE.

3.1. GET

This is the default method when making HTTP calls with curl. In fact, the examples previously shown were plain GET calls.

While running a local instance of a service at port 8082, we’d use something like this command to make a GET call:

curl -v http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/9

Since we have the verbose mode on, we get a little more information along with the response body:

*   Trying ::1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (::1) port 8082 (#0)
> GET /spring-rest/foos/9 HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8082
> User-Agent: curl/7.60.0
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200
< X-Application-Context: application:8082
< Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8
< Transfer-Encoding: chunked
< Date: Sun, 15 Jul 2018 11:55:26 GMT
<
{
  "id" : 9,
  "name" : "TuwJ"
}* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact

3.2. POST

We use this method to send data to a receiving service, which means we use the data option.

The simplest way of doing this is to embed the data in the command:

curl -d 'id=9&name=baeldung' http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/new

Alternatively, we can pass a file containing the request body to the data option like this:

curl -d @request.json -H "Content-Type: application/json" 
  http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/new

By using the above commands as they are, we may run into error messages like the following one:

{
  "timestamp" : "15-07-2018 05:57",
  "status" : 415,
  "error" : "Unsupported Media Type",
  "exception" : "org.springframework.web.HttpMediaTypeNotSupportedException",
  "message" : "Content type 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=UTF-8' not supported",
  "path" : "/spring-rest/foos/new"
}

This is because curl adds the following default header to all POST requests:

Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

This is also what the browsers use in a plain POST. In our usage, we’d usually want to customize the headers depending on our needs.

For instance, if our service expects JSON content-type, then we can use the -H option to modify our original POST request:

curl -d '{"id":9,"name":"baeldung"}' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' 
  http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/new

Windows command prompt has no support for single quotes like the Unix-like shells.

As a result, we’d need to replace the single quotes with double quotes, though we try to escape them wherever necessary:

curl -d "{\"id\":9,\"name\":\"baeldung\"}" -H "Content-Type: application/json" 
  http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/new

Besides, when we want to send a somewhat larger amount of data, it is usually a good idea to use a data file.

3.3. PUT

This method is very similar to POST, but we use it when we want to send a new version of an existing resource. In order to do this, we use the -X option.

Without any mention of a request method type, curl defaults to using GET; therefore, we explicitly mention the method type in the case of PUT:

curl -d @request.json -H 'Content-Type: application/json' 
  -X PUT http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/9

3.4. DELETE

Again, we specify that we want to use DELETE by using the -X option:

curl -X DELETE http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/9

4. Custom Headers

We can replace the default headers or add headers of our own.

For instance, to change the Host header, we do this:

curl -H "Host: com.baeldung" http://example.com/

To switch off the User-Agent header, we put in an empty value:

curl -H "User-Agent:" http://example.com/

The most common scenario while testing is changing the Content-Type and Accept header. We just have to prefix each header with the -H option:

curl -d @request.json -H "Content-Type: application/json" 
  -H "Accept: application/json" http://localhost:8082/spring-rest/foos/new

5. Authentication

A service that requires authentication would send back a 401 – Unauthorized HTTP response code, and an associated WWW-Authenticate header.

For basic authentication, we can simply embed the username and password combination inside our request using the user option:

curl --user baeldung:secretPassword http://example.com/

However, if we want to use OAuth2 for authentication, we first need to get the access_token from our authorization service.

The service response would contain the access_token:

{
  "access_token": "b1094abc0-54a4-3eab-7213-877142c33fh3",
  "token_type": "bearer",
  "refresh_token": "253begef-868c-5d48-92e8-448c2ec4bd91",
  "expires_in": 31234
}

Now we can use the token in our Authorization header:

curl -H "Authorization: Bearer b1094abc0-54a4-3eab-7213-877142c33fh3" http://example.com/

6. Conclusion

In this article, we demonstrated using the bare minimum functionality of curl to test our REST services. Although it can do much more than what was discussed here, for our purposes, this much should suffice.

The code backing this article is available on GitHub. Once you're logged in as a Baeldung Pro Member, start learning and coding on the project.
Baeldung Pro – NPI EA (cat = Baeldung)
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Baeldung Pro comes with both absolutely No-Ads as well as finally with Dark Mode, for a clean learning experience:

>> Explore a clean Baeldung

Once the early-adopter seats are all used, the price will go up and stay at $33/year.

Partner – Microsoft – NPI EA (cat = Spring Boot)
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Azure Container Apps is a fully managed serverless container service that enables you to build and deploy modern, cloud-native Java applications and microservices at scale. It offers a simplified developer experience while providing the flexibility and portability of containers.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, visit the documentation page.

You can also ask questions and leave feedback on the Azure Container Apps GitHub page.

Partner – Orkes – NPI EA (cat = Spring)
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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

With Orkes Conductor managed through Orkes Cloud, developers can focus on building mission critical applications without worrying about infrastructure maintenance to meet goals and, simply put, taking new products live faster and reducing total cost of ownership.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

Partner – Orkes – NPI EA (tag = Microservices)
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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

With Orkes Conductor managed through Orkes Cloud, developers can focus on building mission critical applications without worrying about infrastructure maintenance to meet goals and, simply put, taking new products live faster and reducing total cost of ownership.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

eBook – HTTP Client – NPI EA (cat=HTTP Client-Side)
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The Apache HTTP Client is a very robust library, suitable for both simple and advanced use cases when testing HTTP endpoints. Check out our guide covering basic request and response handling, as well as security, cookies, timeouts, and more:

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eBook – Java Concurrency – NPI EA (cat=Java Concurrency)
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Handling concurrency in an application can be a tricky process with many potential pitfalls. A solid grasp of the fundamentals will go a long way to help minimize these issues.

Get started with understanding multi-threaded applications with our Java Concurrency guide:

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eBook – Java Streams – NPI EA (cat=Java Streams)
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Since its introduction in Java 8, the Stream API has become a staple of Java development. The basic operations like iterating, filtering, mapping sequences of elements are deceptively simple to use.

But these can also be overused and fall into some common pitfalls.

To get a better understanding on how Streams work and how to combine them with other language features, check out our guide to Java Streams:

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eBook – Persistence – NPI EA (cat=Persistence)
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