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Azure Container Apps is a fully managed serverless container service that enables you to build and deploy modern, cloud-native Java applications and microservices at scale. It offers a simplified developer experience while providing the flexibility and portability of containers.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, you can get started over on the documentation page.

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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

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Since its introduction in Java 8, the Stream API has become a staple of Java development. The basic operations like iterating, filtering, mapping sequences of elements are deceptively simple to use.

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1. Overview

In this tutorial, we will learn how to use the Joiner and Splitter in the Guava library. We’ll convert collections into a String with the Joiner and we’ll split a String into a collection with the Splitter.

2. Convert List into String Using Joiner

Let’s start with a simple example to join a List into a String using Joiner. In the following example, we join a List of names into one String using the comma “,” as a separator:

@Test
public void whenConvertListToString_thenConverted() {
    List<String> names = Lists.newArrayList("John", "Jane", "Adam", "Tom");
    String result = Joiner.on(",").join(names);

    assertEquals(result, "John,Jane,Adam,Tom");
}

3. Convert Map to String Using Joiner

Next – let’s see how to use Joiner to convert a Map to a String. In the following example, we use withKeyValueSeparator() to join the key with its value:

@Test
public void whenConvertMapToString_thenConverted() {
    Map<String, Integer> salary = Maps.newHashMap();
    salary.put("John", 1000);
    salary.put("Jane", 1500);
    String result = Joiner.on(" , ").withKeyValueSeparator(" = ")
                                    .join(salary);

    assertThat(result, containsString("John = 1000"));
    assertThat(result, containsString("Jane = 1500"));
}

4. Join Nested Collections

Now – let’s see how to join nested collections into a String. In the following example, we join the result of transforming each List to a String:

@Test
public void whenJoinNestedCollections_thenJoined() {
    List<ArrayList<String>> nested = Lists.newArrayList(
      Lists.newArrayList("apple", "banana", "orange"),
      Lists.newArrayList("cat", "dog", "bird"),
      Lists.newArrayList("John", "Jane", "Adam"));
    String result = Joiner.on(";").join(Iterables.transform(nested,
      new Function<List<String>, String>() {
          @Override
          public String apply(List<String> input) {
              return Joiner.on("-").join(input);
          }
      }));

    assertThat(result, containsString("apple-banana-orange"));
    assertThat(result, containsString("cat-dog-bird"));
    assertThat(result, containsString("John-Jane-Adam"));
}

5. Handle Null Values While Using Joiner

Now – let’s see different ways to Handle Null Values While Using Joiner.

To skip null values while joining collection use skipNulls() as in the following example:

@Test
public void whenConvertListToStringAndSkipNull_thenConverted() {
    List<String> names = Lists.newArrayList("John", null, "Jane", "Adam", "Tom");
    String result = Joiner.on(",").skipNulls().join(names);

    assertEquals(result, "John,Jane,Adam,Tom");
}

If you don’t want to skip null values and want to replace them instead, use useForNull() as in the following example:

@Test
public void whenUseForNull_thenUsed() {
    List<String> names = Lists.newArrayList("John", null, "Jane", "Adam", "Tom");
    String result = Joiner.on(",").useForNull("nameless").join(names);

    assertEquals(result, "John,nameless,Jane,Adam,Tom");
}

Note that useForNull() doesn’t change the original list, it only affect the output of the join.

6. Create List From String Using Splitter

Now – let’s see how to split a String into a List. In the following example, we use “-” separator to split the input String to List:

@Test
public void whenCreateListFromString_thenCreated() {
    String input = "apple - banana - orange";
    List<String> result = Splitter.on("-").trimResults()
                                          .splitToList(input);

    assertThat(result, contains("apple", "banana", "orange"));
}

Note that trimResults() removes the leading and trailing whitespace from the resulting substrings.

7. Create Map From String Using Splitter

Next – let’s see how Create Map from String Using Splitter. In the following example, we use withKeyValueSeparator() to split a String into a Map:

@Test
public void whenCreateMapFromString_thenCreated() {
    String input = "John=first,Adam=second";
    Map<String, String> result = Splitter.on(",")
                                         .withKeyValueSeparator("=")
                                         .split(input);

    assertEquals("first", result.get("John"));
    assertEquals("second", result.get("Adam"));
}

8. Split String With Multiple Separators

Now – let’s see how to split a String with multiple separators. In the following example, we use both “.” and “,” to split our String:

@Test
public void whenSplitStringOnMultipleSeparator_thenSplit() {
    String input = "apple.banana,,orange,,.";
    List<String> result = Splitter.onPattern("[.,]")
                                  .omitEmptyStrings()
                                  .splitToList(input);

    assertThat(result, contains("apple", "banana", "orange"));
}

Note that omitEmptyStrings() ignores empty strings and doesn’t add them to the resulting List.

9. Split a String at Specific Length

Next – let’s take a look on splitting a String at specific length. In the following example, we split our String every 3 characters:

@Test
public void whenSplitStringOnSpecificLength_thenSplit() {
    String input = "Hello world";
    List<String> result = Splitter.fixedLength(3).splitToList(input);

    assertThat(result, contains("Hel", "lo ", "wor", "ld"));
}

10. Limit the Split Result

Finally – let’s see how to Limit the Split Result. If you want the Splitter to stop splitting after specific number of items – use limit() as in the following example:

@Test
public void whenLimitSplitting_thenLimited() {
    String input = "a,b,c,d,e";
    List<String> result = Splitter.on(",")
                                  .limit(4)
                                  .splitToList(input);

    assertEquals(4, result.size());
    assertThat(result, contains("a", "b", "c", "d,e"));
}

11. Conclusion

In this tutorial we illustrated how to use both the Joiner and Splitter in Guava to do a variety of transformations between collections and Strings.

The code backing this article is available on GitHub. Once you're logged in as a Baeldung Pro Member, start learning and coding on the project.
Baeldung Pro – NPI EA (cat = Baeldung)
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Baeldung Pro comes with both absolutely No-Ads as well as finally with Dark Mode, for a clean learning experience:

>> Explore a clean Baeldung

Once the early-adopter seats are all used, the price will go up and stay at $33/year.

Partner – Microsoft – NPI EA (cat = Spring Boot)
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Azure Container Apps is a fully managed serverless container service that enables you to build and deploy modern, cloud-native Java applications and microservices at scale. It offers a simplified developer experience while providing the flexibility and portability of containers.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, visit the documentation page.

You can also ask questions and leave feedback on the Azure Container Apps GitHub page.

Partner – Orkes – NPI EA (cat = Spring)
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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

With Orkes Conductor managed through Orkes Cloud, developers can focus on building mission critical applications without worrying about infrastructure maintenance to meet goals and, simply put, taking new products live faster and reducing total cost of ownership.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

Partner – Orkes – NPI EA (tag = Microservices)
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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

With Orkes Conductor managed through Orkes Cloud, developers can focus on building mission critical applications without worrying about infrastructure maintenance to meet goals and, simply put, taking new products live faster and reducing total cost of ownership.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

eBook – HTTP Client – NPI EA (cat=HTTP Client-Side)
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The Apache HTTP Client is a very robust library, suitable for both simple and advanced use cases when testing HTTP endpoints. Check out our guide covering basic request and response handling, as well as security, cookies, timeouts, and more:

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eBook – Java Concurrency – NPI EA (cat=Java Concurrency)
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Handling concurrency in an application can be a tricky process with many potential pitfalls. A solid grasp of the fundamentals will go a long way to help minimize these issues.

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eBook – Java Streams – NPI EA (cat=Java Streams)
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Since its introduction in Java 8, the Stream API has become a staple of Java development. The basic operations like iterating, filtering, mapping sequences of elements are deceptively simple to use.

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To get a better understanding on how Streams work and how to combine them with other language features, check out our guide to Java Streams:

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eBook – Persistence – NPI EA (cat=Persistence)
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Working on getting your persistence layer right with Spring?

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