Abstract Classes in Java

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1. Overview

There are many cases when implementing a contract where we want to postpone some parts of the implementation to be completed later. We can easily accomplish this in Java through abstract classes.

In this tutorial, we’ll learn the basics of abstract classes in Java, and in what cases they can be helpful.

2. Key Concepts for Abstract Classes

Before diving into when to use an abstract class, let’s look at their most relevant characteristics:

We define an abstract class with the abstract modifier preceding the class keyword
An abstract class can be subclassed, but it can’t be instantiated
If a class defines one or more abstract methods, then the class itself must be declared abstract
An abstract class can declare both abstract and concrete methods
A subclass derived from an abstract class must either implement all the base class’s abstract methods or be abstract itself

To better understand these concepts, we’ll create a simple example.

Let’s have our base abstract class define the abstract API of a board game:

public abstract class BoardGame {

    //... field declarations, constructors

    public abstract void play();

    //... concrete methods
}

Then, we can create a subclass that implements the play method:

public class Checkers extends BoardGame {

    public void play() {
        //... implementation
    }
}

3. When to Use Abstract Classes

Now, let’s analyze a few typical scenarios where we should prefer abstract classes over interfaces and concrete classes:

We want to encapsulate some common functionality in one place (code reuse) that multiple, related subclasses will share
We need to partially define an API that our subclasses can easily extend and refine
The subclasses need to inherit one or more common methods or fields with protected access modifiers

Let’s keep in mind that all these scenarios are good examples of full, inheritance-based adherence to the Open/Closed principle.

Moreover, since the use of abstract classes implicitly deals with base types and subtypes, we’re also taking advantage of Polymorphism.

Note that code reuse is a very compelling reason to use abstract classes, as long as the “is-a” relationship within the class hierarchy is preserved.

And Java 8 adds another wrinkle with default methods, which can sometimes take the place of needing to create an abstract class altogether.

4. A Sample Hierarchy of File Readers

To understand more clearly the functionality that abstract classes bring to the table, let’s look at another example.

4.1. Defining a Base Abstract Class

So, if we wanted to have several types of file readers, we might create an abstract class that encapsulates what’s common to file reading:

public abstract class BaseFileReader {
    
    protected Path filePath;
    
    protected BaseFileReader(Path filePath) {
        this.filePath = filePath;
    }
    
    public Path getFilePath() {
        return filePath;
    }
    
    public List<String> readFile() throws IOException {
        return Files.lines(filePath)
          .map(this::mapFileLine).collect(Collectors.toList());
    }
    
    protected abstract String mapFileLine(String line);
}

Note that we’ve made filePath protected so that the subclasses can access it if needed. More importantly, we’ve left something undone: how to actually parse a line of text from the file’s contents.

Our plan is simple: while our concrete classes don’t each have a special way to store the file path or walk through the file, they will each have a special way to transform each line.

At first sight, BaseFileReader may seem unnecessary. However, it’s the foundation of a clean, easily extendable design. From it, we can easily implement different versions of a file reader that can focus on their unique business logic.

4.2. Defining Subclasses

A natural implementation is probably one that converts a file’s contents to lowercase:

public class LowercaseFileReader extends BaseFileReader {

    public LowercaseFileReader(Path filePath) {
        super(filePath);
    }

    @Override
    public String mapFileLine(String line) {
        return line.toLowerCase();
    }   
}

Or another might be one that converts a file’s contents to uppercase:

public class UppercaseFileReader extends BaseFileReader {

    public UppercaseFileReader(Path filePath) {
        super(filePath);
    }

    @Override
    public String mapFileLine(String line) {
        return line.toUpperCase();
    }
}

As we can see from this simple example, each subclass can focus on its unique behavior without needing to specify other aspects of file reading.

4.3. Using a Subclass

Finally, using a class that inherits from an abstract one is no different than any other concrete class:

@Test
public void givenLowercaseFileReaderInstance_whenCalledreadFile_thenCorrect() throws Exception {
    URL location = getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("files/test.txt")
    Path path = Paths.get(location.toURI());
    BaseFileReader lowercaseFileReader = new LowercaseFileReader(path);
        
    assertThat(lowercaseFileReader.readFile()).isInstanceOf(List.class);
}

For simplicity’s sake, the target file is located under the src/main/resources/files folder. Hence, we used an application class loader for getting the path of the example file. Feel free to check out our tutorial on class loaders in Java.

5. Conclusion

In this quick article, we learned the basics of abstract classes in Java, and when to use them for achieving abstraction and encapsulating common implementation in one single place.

The code backing this article is available on GitHub. Once you're logged in as a Baeldung Pro Member, start learning and coding on the project.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, visit the documentation page.

You can also ask questions and leave feedback on the Azure Container Apps GitHub page.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.