How to Iterate Over the String Characters in Java

Last updated: May 11, 2024

Written by: Neetika Khandelwal

Reviewed by: Michael Krimgen

Java String

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1. Overview

In this tutorial, we’ll get familiar with the ways to iterate over the string characters along with their time and space complexity.

2. Common Ways to Iterate Over a String

In Java, there are several ways to iterate over the characters of a string, each with its own time and space complexity. The best method to use depends on the specific requirements of your program.

2.1. for Loop

We can use a simple for loop to iterate over the characters of a string. This method has a time complexity of O(n), where n is the length of the string str, and a space complexity of O(1) because it only requires a single loop variable:

String str = "Hello, Baeldung!";
for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
    char c = str.charAt(i); 
    System.out.print(c)
}

2.2. toCharArray()

The toCharArray() method first converts the string into a character array, which we can use to perform the iteration. This method has a time complexity of O(n), where n is the length of the string str, and a space complexity of O(n) because it creates a new char array:

String str = "Hello, Baeldung!"; 
for (char c : str.toCharArray()) { 
    System.out.print(c);
}

2.3. Java 8 Stream

We can use Java 8 Streams to process each character in the string. This approach has a time complexity of O(n) and a space complexity that depends on the intermediate operations you perform on the stream:

String str = "Hello, Baeldung!"; 
str.chars().forEach(c -> { 
    System.out.print((char) c);
});

Note that in the above code, we need to typecast the variable c to char because chars() returns an IntStream.

2.4. CharacterIterator

We utilize the following methods of CharacterIterator methods to iterate over the String.

current(): to get the current character
next(): to move forward by one position

StringCharacterIterator provides the implementation of CharacterIterator. This interface allows to have bidirectional iteration over the string. The iterator iterates over a bounded sequence of characters. Iterators maintain a current character index whose valid range is from getBeginIndex() to getEndIndex().

Here, the time complexity is O(n), where n is the length of the string str, and a space complexity of O(1) because it only requires a single while loop iterator:

String str = "Hello, Baeldung!";
CharacterIterator it = new StringCharacterIterator(str);
while (it.current() != CharacterIterator.DONE) {
    System.out.print(it.current());
    it.next();
}

3. Conclusion

The best method to use depends on our specific use case. For most cases, the simple for loop or the enhanced for loop is the most straightforward and efficient way to iterate over characters in a string. They have a low space complexity and a time complexity of O(n), which is the best we can achieve for this task.

We can use Java 8 Streams when we need to perform complex operations on the characters or if we want to take advantage of the functional programming capabilities it provides.

The code backing this article is available on GitHub. Once you're logged in as a Baeldung Pro Member, start learning and coding on the project.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, visit the documentation page.

You can also ask questions and leave feedback on the Azure Container Apps GitHub page.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.