Java Stream Filter with Lambda Expression

Last updated: January 8, 2024

Written by: baeldung

Reviewed by: Eric Martin

Java Streams

Lambda Expressions

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1. Introduction

In this quick tutorial, we’ll explore the use of the Stream.filter() method when we work with Streams in Java.

We’ll look at how to use it, and how to handle special cases with checked exceptions.

Introduction to Java Streams

A quick and practical introduction to Java 8 Streams.

How to Filter a Collection in Java

A quick tutorial to filtering collections in Java using different approaches.

Functional Interfaces in Java

Quick and practical guide to Functional Interfaces present in Java 8.

2. Using Stream.filter()

The filter() method is an intermediate operation of the Stream interface that allows us to filter elements of a stream that match a given Predicate:

Stream<T> filter(Predicate<? super T> predicate)

To see how this works, let’s create a Customer class:

public class Customer {
    private String name;
    private int points;
    //Constructor and standard getters
}

In addition, let’s create a collection of customers:

Customer john = new Customer("John P.", 15);
Customer sarah = new Customer("Sarah M.", 200);
Customer charles = new Customer("Charles B.", 150);
Customer mary = new Customer("Mary T.", 1);

List<Customer> customers = Arrays.asList(john, sarah, charles, mary);

2.1. Filtering Collections

A common use case of the filter() method is processing collections.

Let’s make a list of customers with more than 100 points. To do that, we can use a lambda expression:

List<Customer> customersWithMoreThan100Points = customers
  .stream()
  .filter(c -> c.getPoints() > 100)
  .collect(Collectors.toList());

We can also use a method reference, which is shorthand for a lambda expression:

List<Customer> customersWithMoreThan100Points = customers
  .stream()
  .filter(Customer::hasOverHundredPoints)
  .collect(Collectors.toList());

In this case, we added the hasOverHundredPoints method to our Customer class:

public boolean hasOverHundredPoints() {
    return this.points > 100;
}

In both cases, we get the same result:

assertThat(customersWithMoreThan100Points).hasSize(2);
assertThat(customersWithMoreThan100Points).contains(sarah, charles);

2.2. Filtering Collections with Multiple Criteria

Furthermore, we can use multiple conditions with filter(). For example, we can filter by points and name:

List<Customer> charlesWithMoreThan100Points = customers
  .stream()
  .filter(c -> c.getPoints() > 100 && c.getName().startsWith("Charles"))
  .collect(Collectors.toList());

assertThat(charlesWithMoreThan100Points).hasSize(1);
assertThat(charlesWithMoreThan100Points).contains(charles);

3. Handling Exceptions

Until now, we’ve been using the filter with predicates that don’t throw an exception. Indeed, the functional interfaces in Java don’t declare any checked or unchecked exceptions.

Next we’re going to show some different ways to handle exceptions in lambda expressions.

3.1. Using a Custom Wrapper

First, we’ll start by adding a profilePhotoUrl to our Customer:

private String profilePhotoUrl;

In addition, let’s add a simple hasValidProfilePhoto() method to check the availability of the profile:

public boolean hasValidProfilePhoto() throws IOException {
    URL url = new URL(this.profilePhotoUrl);
    HttpsURLConnection connection = (HttpsURLConnection) url.openConnection();
    return connection.getResponseCode() == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK;
}

We can see that the hasValidProfilePhoto() method throws an IOException. Now if we try to filter the customers with this method:

List<Customer> customersWithValidProfilePhoto = customers
  .stream()
  .filter(Customer::hasValidProfilePhoto)
  .collect(Collectors.toList());

We’ll see the following error:

Incompatible thrown types java.io.IOException in functional expression

To handle it, one of the alternatives we can use is wrapping it with a try-catch block:

List<Customer> customersWithValidProfilePhoto = customers
  .stream()
  .filter(c -> {
      try {
          return c.hasValidProfilePhoto();
      } catch (IOException e) {
          //handle exception
      }
      return false;
  })
  .collect(Collectors.toList());

If we need to throw an exception from our predicate, we can wrap it in an unchecked exception like RuntimeException.

3.2. Using ThrowingFunction

Alternatively, we can use the ThrowingFunction library.

ThrowingFunction is an open source library that allows us to handle checked exceptions in Java functional interfaces.

Let’s start by adding the throwing-function dependency to our pom:

<dependency>	
    <groupId>com.pivovarit</groupId>	
    <artifactId>throwing-function</artifactId>	
    <version>1.5.1</version>	
</dependency>

To handle exceptions in predicates, this library offers us the ThrowingPredicate class, which has the unchecked() method to wrap checked exceptions.

Let’s see it in action:

List customersWithValidProfilePhoto = customers
  .stream()
  .filter(ThrowingPredicate.unchecked(Customer::hasValidProfilePhoto))
  .collect(Collectors.toList());

4. Conclusion

In this article, we saw an example of how to use the filter() method to process streams. We also explored some alternatives to handle exceptions.

The code backing this article is available on GitHub. Once you're logged in as a Baeldung Pro Member, start learning and coding on the project.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, visit the documentation page.

You can also ask questions and leave feedback on the Azure Container Apps GitHub page.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.