Collect a Java Stream to an Immutable Collection

Last updated: April 4, 2025

Written by: baeldung

Reviewed by: Michal Aibin

Java Streams

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1. Introduction

We often wish to convert a Java Stream into a collection. This usually results in a mutable collection, but we can customize it.

In this short tutorial, we’re going to take a close look at how to collect a Java Stream to an immutable collection – first using plain Java, and then using the Guava library.

2. Using Standard Java

2.1. Using Java’s toUnmodifiableList

Starting with Java 10, we can use the toUnmodifiableList method from Java’s Collectors class:

List<String> givenList = Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c");
List<String> result = givenList.stream()
  .collect(toUnmodifiableList());

By using this method, we get a List implementation that doesn’t support null values from Java’s ImmutableCollections:

class java.util.ImmutableCollections$ListN

2.2. Using Java’s collectingAndThen

The collectingAndThen method from Java’s Collectors class accepts a Collector and a finisher Function. This finisher is applied to the result returned from the Collector:

List<String> givenList = Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c");
List<String> result = givenList.stream()
  .collect(collectingAndThen(toList(), ImmutableList::copyOf));

System.out.println(result.getClass());

With this approach, since we can’t use the toCollection Collector directly, we need to collect elements into a temporary list. Then, we construct an immutable list from it.

**2.3. Using Stream.toList() Method**

Java 16 introduces a new method on Stream API called toList(). This handy method returns an unmodifiable List containing the stream elements:

@Test
public void whenUsingStreamToList_thenReturnImmutableList() {
    List<String> immutableList = Stream.of("a", "b", "c", "d").toList();
	
    Assertions.assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> {
        immutableList.add("e");
    });
}

As we can see in the unit test, Stream.toList() returns an immutable list. So, trying to add a new element to the list will simply lead to UnsupportedOperationException.

Please bear in mind that the new Stream.toList() method is slightly different from the existing Collectors.toList() as it returns an unmodifiable list.

3. Building a Custom Collector

We also have the option to implement a custom Collector.

3.1. A Basic Immutable Collector

To achieve this, we can use the static Collector.of method:

public static <T> Collector<T, List<T>, List<T>> toImmutableList() {
    return Collector.of(ArrayList::new, List::add,
      (left, right) -> {
        left.addAll(right);
        return left;
      }, Collections::unmodifiableList);
}

We can use this function just like any built-in Collector:

List<String> givenList = Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c", "d");
List<String> result = givenList.stream()
  .collect(MyImmutableListCollector.toImmutableList());

Finally, let’s check the output type:

class java.util.Collections$UnmodifiableRandomAccessList

**3.2. Making the MyImmutableListCollector Generic**

Our implementation has one limitation – it always returns an immutable instance backed by an ArrayList. However, with a slight improvement, we can make this collector return a user-specified type:

public static <T, A extends List<T>> Collector<T, A, List<T>> toImmutableList(
  Supplier<A> supplier) {
 
    return Collector.of(
      supplier,
      List::add, (left, right) -> {
        left.addAll(right);
        return left;
      }, Collections::unmodifiableList);
}

So now, instead of determining the Supplier in the method implementation, we’re requesting the Supplier from the user:

List<String> givenList = Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c", "d");
List<String> result = givenList.stream()
  .collect(MyImmutableListCollector.toImmutableList(LinkedList::new));

Also, we’re using the LinkedList instead of ArrayList.

class java.util.Collections$UnmodifiableList

This time, we got UnmodifiableList instead of UnmodifiableRandomAccessList.

**4. Using Guava’s Collectors**

In this section, we’re going to use the Google Guava library to drive some of our examples:

<dependency>
    <groupId>com.google.guava</groupId>
    <artifactId>guava</artifactId>
    <version>32.1.3-jre</version>
</dependency>

Starting with Guava 21, every immutable class comes with an accompanying Collector that’s as easy to use as Java’s standard Collectors:

List<Integer> list = IntStream.range(0, 9)
  .boxed()
  .collect(ImmutableList.toImmutableList());

The resulting instance is the RegularImmutableList:

class com.google.common.collect.RegularImmutableList

5. Conclusion

In this short article, we’ve seen various ways to collect a Stream into an immutable Collection.

The code backing this article is available on GitHub. Once you're logged in as a Baeldung Pro Member, start learning and coding on the project.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, visit the documentation page.

You can also ask questions and leave feedback on the Azure Container Apps GitHub page.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.