“Stream has already been operated upon or closed” Exception in Java

Last updated: January 8, 2024

Written by: baeldung

Java Streams

Exception

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1. Overview

In this brief article, we’re going to discuss a common Exception that we may encounter when working with the Stream class in Java 8:

IllegalStateException: stream has already been operated upon or closed.

We’ll discover the scenarios when this exception occurs, and the possible ways of avoiding it, all along with practical examples.

2. The Cause

In Java 8, each Stream class represents a single-use sequence of data and supports several I/O operations.

A Stream should be operated on (invoking an intermediate or terminal stream operation) only once. A Stream implementation may throw IllegalStateException if it detects that the Stream is being reused.

Whenever a terminal operation is called on a Stream object, the instance gets consumed and closed.

Therefore, we’re only allowed to perform a single operation that consumes a Stream, otherwise, we’ll get an exception that states that the Stream has already been operated upon or closed.

Let’s see how this can be translated to a practical example:

Stream<String> stringStream = Stream.of("A", "B", "C", "D");
Optional<String> result1 = stringStream.findAny(); 
System.out.println(result1.get()); 
Optional<String> result2 = stringStream.findFirst();

As a result:

A
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalStateException: 
  stream has already been operated upon or closed

After the #findAny() method is invoked, the stringStream is closed, therefore, any further operation on the Stream will throw the IllegalStateException, and that’s what happened after invoking the #findFirst() method.

3. The Solution

Simply put, the solution consists of creating a new Stream each time we need one.

We can, of course, do that manually, but that’s where the Supplier functional interface becomes really handy:

Supplier<Stream<String>> streamSupplier 
  = () -> Stream.of("A", "B", "C", "D");
Optional<String> result1 = streamSupplier.get().findAny();
System.out.println(result1.get());
Optional<String> result2 = streamSupplier.get().findFirst();
System.out.println(result2.get());

As a result:

A
A

We’ve defined the streamSupplier object with the type Stream<String>, which is exactly the same type which the #get() method returns. The Supplier is based on a lambda expression that takes no input and returns a new Stream.

Invoking the functional method get() on the Supplier returns a freshly created Stream object, on which we can safely perform another Stream operation.

4. Conclusion

In this quick tutorial, we’ve seen how to perform terminal operations on a Stream multiple times, while avoiding the famous IllegalStateException that is thrown when the Stream is already closed or operated upon.

The code backing this article is available on GitHub. Once you're logged in as a Baeldung Pro Member, start learning and coding on the project.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, visit the documentation page.

You can also ask questions and leave feedback on the Azure Container Apps GitHub page.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.