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Azure Container Apps is a fully managed serverless container service that enables you to build and deploy modern, cloud-native Java applications and microservices at scale. It offers a simplified developer experience while providing the flexibility and portability of containers.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, visit the documentation page.

You can also ask questions and leave feedback on the Azure Container Apps GitHub page.

Partner – Microsoft – NPI EA (cat= Spring Boot)
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Azure Container Apps is a fully managed serverless container service that enables you to build and deploy modern, cloud-native Java applications and microservices at scale. It offers a simplified developer experience while providing the flexibility and portability of containers.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, you can get started over on the documentation page.

And, you can also ask questions and leave feedback on the Azure Container Apps GitHub page.

Partner – Orkes – NPI EA (cat=Spring)
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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

With Orkes Conductor managed through Orkes Cloud, developers can focus on building mission critical applications without worrying about infrastructure maintenance to meet goals and, simply put, taking new products live faster and reducing total cost of ownership.

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Partner – Orkes – NPI EA (tag=Microservices)
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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

With Orkes Conductor managed through Orkes Cloud, developers can focus on building mission critical applications without worrying about infrastructure maintenance to meet goals and, simply put, taking new products live faster and reducing total cost of ownership.

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Since its introduction in Java 8, the Stream API has become a staple of Java development. The basic operations like iterating, filtering, mapping sequences of elements are deceptively simple to use.

But these can also be overused and fall into some common pitfalls.

To get a better understanding on how Streams work and how to combine them with other language features, check out our guide to Java Streams:

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Explore Spring Boot 3 and Spring 6 in-depth through building a full REST API with the framework:

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I built the security material as two full courses - Core and OAuth, to get practical with these more complex scenarios. We explore when and how to use each feature and code through it on the backing project.

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Spring Data JPA is a great way to handle the complexity of JPA with the powerful simplicity of Spring Boot.

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End-to-end testing is a very useful method to make sure that your application works as intended. This highlights issues in the overall functionality of the software, that the unit and integration test stages may miss.

Playwright is an easy-to-use, but powerful tool that automates end-to-end testing, and supports all modern browsers and platforms.

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1. Introduction

In a previous tutorial, we saw how we can use multi-line strings in any Java version.

In this tutorial, we’ll see in detail how to use the Java 15 text blocks feature to declare multi-line strings most efficiently.

2. Usage

Since Java 15, text blocks are available as a standard feature. With Java 13 and 14, we needed to enable it as a preview feature.

Text blocks start with a “”” (three double-quote marks) followed by optional whitespaces and a newline. The most simple example looks like this:

String example = """
     Example text""";

Note that the result type of a text block is still a String. Text blocks just provide us with another way to write String literals in our source code.

Inside the text blocks, we can freely use newlines and quotes without the need for escaping line breaks. It allows us to include literal fragments of HTML, JSON, SQL, or whatever we need, in a more elegant and readable way.

In the resulting String, the (base) indentation and the first newline are not included. We’ll take a look at the handing of indentation in the next section.

3. Indentation

Luckily, when using text blocks, we can still indent our code properly. To achieve that, part of the indentation is treated as the source code while another part of the indentation is seen as a part of the text block. To make this work, the compiler checks for the minimum indentation in all non-empty lines. Next, the compiler shifts the complete text block to the left.

Consider a text block containing some HTML:

public String getBlockOfHtml() {
    return """
            <html>

                <body>
                    <span>example text</span>
                </body>
            </html>""";
}

In this case, the minimum indentation is 12 spaces. Thus, all 12 spaces to the left of <html> and on all subsequent lines are removed. Let’s test this:

@Test
void givenAnOldStyleMultilineString_whenComparing_thenEqualsTextBlock() {
    String expected = "<html>\n"
      + "\n" 
      + "    <body>\n"
      + "        <span>example text</span>\n"
      + "    </body>\n"
      + "</html>";
    assertThat(subject.getBlockOfHtml()).isEqualTo(expected);
}

@Test
void givenAnOldStyleString_whenComparing_thenEqualsTextBlock() {
    String expected = "<html>\n\n    <body>\n        <span>example text</span>\n    </body>\n</html>";
    assertThat(subject.getBlockOfHtml())
       .isEqualTo(expected);
}

When we need explicit indentation, we can use less indentation for a non-empty line (or the last line):

public String getNonStandardIndent() {
    return """
                Indent
            """;
}

@Test
void givenAnIndentedString_thenMatchesIndentedOldStyle() {
    assertThat(subject.getNonStandardIndent())
            .isEqualTo("    Indent\n");
}

Moreover, we can also use escaping inside text blocks, as we’ll see in the next section.

4. Escaping

4.1. Escaping Double-Quotes

Inside text blocks, double-quotes don’t have to be escaped. We could even use three double-quotes again in our text block by escaping one of them:

public String getTextWithEscapes() {
    return """
            "fun" with
            whitespace
            and other escapes \"""
            """;
}

This is the only case where double-quotes must be escaped. In the other cases, it’s considered a bad practice.

4.2. Escaping Line Terminators

In general, newlines don’t have to be escaped inside text blocks.

However, note that even if a source file has Windows line endings (\r\n), the text blocks will only be terminated with newlines (\n). If we need carriage returns (\r) to be present, we have to explicitly add them to the text block:

public String getTextWithCarriageReturns() {
return """
separated with\r
carriage returns""";
}

@Test
void givenATextWithCarriageReturns_thenItContainsBoth() {
assertThat(subject.getTextWithCarriageReturns())
.isEqualTo("separated with\r\ncarriage returns");
}

Sometimes, we might have long lines of text in our source code that we want to format in a readable way. Java 14 preview added a feature that allows us to do this. We can escape a newline so that it is ignored:

public String getIgnoredNewLines() {
    return """
            This is a long test which looks to \
            have a newline but actually does not""";
}

Actually this String literal will just equal a normal non-interrupted String:

@Test
void givenAStringWithEscapedNewLines_thenTheResultHasNoNewLines() {
    String expected = "This is a long test which looks to have a newline but actually does not";
    assertThat(subject.getIgnoredNewLines())
            .isEqualTo(expected);
}

4.3. Escaping Spaces

The compiler ignores all trailing spaces in text blocks. However, since Java 14 preview, we can escape a space using the new escape sequence \s. The compiler will also preserve any spaces in front of this escaped space.

Let’s take a closer look at the impact of an escaped space:

public String getEscapedSpaces() {
    return """
            line 1·······
            line 2·······\s
            """;
}

@Test
void givenAStringWithEscapesSpaces_thenTheResultHasLinesEndingWithSpaces() {
    String expected = "line 1\nline 2        \n";
    assertThat(subject.getEscapedSpaces())
            .isEqualTo(expected);
}

Note: the spaces in the example above are replaced with the ‘·’ symbol to make them visible.

The compiler will remove the spaces from the first line. However, the second line is terminated with an escaped space, and all the spaces are thus preserved.

5. Formatting

To aid with variable substitution, a new method was added that allows calling the String.format method directly on a String literal:

public String getFormattedText(String parameter) {
    return """
            Some parameter: %s
            """.formatted(parameter);
}

6. Conclusion

In this short tutorial, we looked at the Java Text Blocks feature. It may not be a game-changer, but it helps us to write better and more readable code, which is generally a good thing.

The code backing this article is available on GitHub. Once you're logged in as a Baeldung Pro Member, start learning and coding on the project.
Baeldung Pro – NPI EA (cat = Baeldung)
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Baeldung Pro comes with both absolutely No-Ads as well as finally with Dark Mode, for a clean learning experience:

>> Explore a clean Baeldung

Once the early-adopter seats are all used, the price will go up and stay at $33/year.

Partner – Microsoft – NPI EA (cat = Spring Boot)
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Azure Container Apps is a fully managed serverless container service that enables you to build and deploy modern, cloud-native Java applications and microservices at scale. It offers a simplified developer experience while providing the flexibility and portability of containers.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, visit the documentation page.

You can also ask questions and leave feedback on the Azure Container Apps GitHub page.

Partner – Orkes – NPI EA (cat = Spring)
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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

With Orkes Conductor managed through Orkes Cloud, developers can focus on building mission critical applications without worrying about infrastructure maintenance to meet goals and, simply put, taking new products live faster and reducing total cost of ownership.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

Partner – Orkes – NPI EA (tag = Microservices)
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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

With Orkes Conductor managed through Orkes Cloud, developers can focus on building mission critical applications without worrying about infrastructure maintenance to meet goals and, simply put, taking new products live faster and reducing total cost of ownership.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

eBook – HTTP Client – NPI EA (cat=HTTP Client-Side)
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The Apache HTTP Client is a very robust library, suitable for both simple and advanced use cases when testing HTTP endpoints. Check out our guide covering basic request and response handling, as well as security, cookies, timeouts, and more:

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eBook – Java Concurrency – NPI EA (cat=Java Concurrency)
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Handling concurrency in an application can be a tricky process with many potential pitfalls. A solid grasp of the fundamentals will go a long way to help minimize these issues.

Get started with understanding multi-threaded applications with our Java Concurrency guide:

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eBook – Java Streams – NPI EA (cat=Java Streams)
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Since its introduction in Java 8, the Stream API has become a staple of Java development. The basic operations like iterating, filtering, mapping sequences of elements are deceptively simple to use.

But these can also be overused and fall into some common pitfalls.

To get a better understanding on how Streams work and how to combine them with other language features, check out our guide to Java Streams:

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eBook – Persistence – NPI EA (cat=Persistence)
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Working on getting your persistence layer right with Spring?

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