Baeldung Pro – NPI EA (cat = Baeldung)
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Baeldung Pro comes with both absolutely No-Ads as well as finally with Dark Mode, for a clean learning experience:

>> Explore a clean Baeldung

Once the early-adopter seats are all used, the price will go up and stay at $33/year.

Partner – Microsoft – NPI EA (cat = Baeldung)
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Azure Container Apps is a fully managed serverless container service that enables you to build and deploy modern, cloud-native Java applications and microservices at scale. It offers a simplified developer experience while providing the flexibility and portability of containers.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, visit the documentation page.

You can also ask questions and leave feedback on the Azure Container Apps GitHub page.

Partner – Microsoft – NPI EA (cat= Spring Boot)
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Azure Container Apps is a fully managed serverless container service that enables you to build and deploy modern, cloud-native Java applications and microservices at scale. It offers a simplified developer experience while providing the flexibility and portability of containers.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, you can get started over on the documentation page.

And, you can also ask questions and leave feedback on the Azure Container Apps GitHub page.

Partner – Orkes – NPI EA (cat=Spring)
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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

With Orkes Conductor managed through Orkes Cloud, developers can focus on building mission critical applications without worrying about infrastructure maintenance to meet goals and, simply put, taking new products live faster and reducing total cost of ownership.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

Partner – Orkes – NPI EA (tag=Microservices)
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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

With Orkes Conductor managed through Orkes Cloud, developers can focus on building mission critical applications without worrying about infrastructure maintenance to meet goals and, simply put, taking new products live faster and reducing total cost of ownership.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

eBook – Guide Spring Cloud – NPI EA (cat=Spring Cloud)
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Let's get started with a Microservice Architecture with Spring Cloud:

>> Join Pro and download the eBook

eBook – Mockito – NPI EA (tag = Mockito)
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Mocking is an essential part of unit testing, and the Mockito library makes it easy to write clean and intuitive unit tests for your Java code.

Get started with mocking and improve your application tests using our Mockito guide:

Download the eBook

eBook – Java Concurrency – NPI EA (cat=Java Concurrency)
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Handling concurrency in an application can be a tricky process with many potential pitfalls. A solid grasp of the fundamentals will go a long way to help minimize these issues.

Get started with understanding multi-threaded applications with our Java Concurrency guide:

>> Download the eBook

eBook – Reactive – NPI EA (cat=Reactive)
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Spring 5 added support for reactive programming with the Spring WebFlux module, which has been improved upon ever since. Get started with the Reactor project basics and reactive programming in Spring Boot:

>> Join Pro and download the eBook

eBook – Java Streams – NPI EA (cat=Java Streams)
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Since its introduction in Java 8, the Stream API has become a staple of Java development. The basic operations like iterating, filtering, mapping sequences of elements are deceptively simple to use.

But these can also be overused and fall into some common pitfalls.

To get a better understanding on how Streams work and how to combine them with other language features, check out our guide to Java Streams:

>> Join Pro and download the eBook

eBook – Jackson – NPI EA (cat=Jackson)
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Do JSON right with Jackson

Download the E-book

eBook – HTTP Client – NPI EA (cat=Http Client-Side)
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Get the most out of the Apache HTTP Client

Download the E-book

eBook – Maven – NPI EA (cat = Maven)
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Get Started with Apache Maven:

Download the E-book

eBook – Persistence – NPI EA (cat=Persistence)
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Working on getting your persistence layer right with Spring?

Explore the eBook

eBook – RwS – NPI EA (cat=Spring MVC)
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Building a REST API with Spring?

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Course – LS – NPI EA (cat=Jackson)
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Get started with Spring and Spring Boot, through the Learn Spring course:

>> LEARN SPRING
Course – RWSB – NPI EA (cat=REST)
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Explore Spring Boot 3 and Spring 6 in-depth through building a full REST API with the framework:

>> The New “REST With Spring Boot”

Course – LSS – NPI EA (cat=Spring Security)
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Yes, Spring Security can be complex, from the more advanced functionality within the Core to the deep OAuth support in the framework.

I built the security material as two full courses - Core and OAuth, to get practical with these more complex scenarios. We explore when and how to use each feature and code through it on the backing project.

You can explore the course here:

>> Learn Spring Security

Course – All Access – NPI EA (cat= Spring)
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All Access is finally out, with all of my Spring courses. Learn JUnit is out as well, and Learn Maven is coming fast. And, of course, quite a bit more affordable. Finally.

>> GET THE COURSE
Course – LSD – NPI EA (tag=Spring Data JPA)
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Spring Data JPA is a great way to handle the complexity of JPA with the powerful simplicity of Spring Boot.

Get started with Spring Data JPA through the guided reference course:

>> CHECK OUT THE COURSE

Partner – LambdaTest – NPI EA (cat=Testing)
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End-to-end testing is a very useful method to make sure that your application works as intended. This highlights issues in the overall functionality of the software, that the unit and integration test stages may miss.

Playwright is an easy-to-use, but powerful tool that automates end-to-end testing, and supports all modern browsers and platforms.

When coupled with LambdaTest (an AI-powered cloud-based test execution platform) it can be further scaled to run the Playwright scripts in parallel across 3000+ browser and device combinations:

>> Automated End-to-End Testing With Playwright

Course – Spring Sale 2025 – NPI EA (cat= Baeldung)
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Yes, we're now running our Spring Sale. All Courses are 25% off until 26th May, 2025:

>> EXPLORE ACCESS NOW

Course – Spring Sale 2025 – NPI (cat=Baeldung)
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Yes, we're now running our Spring Sale. All Courses are 25% off until 26th May, 2025:

>> EXPLORE ACCESS NOW

eBook – Java Concurrency – NPI (cat=Java Concurrency)
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Handling concurrency in an application can be a tricky process with many potential pitfalls. A solid grasp of the fundamentals will go a long way to help minimize these issues.

Get started with understanding multi-threaded applications with our Java Concurrency guide:

>> Download the eBook

1. Introduction

In this tutorial, we’ll show the difference between traditional threads in Java and the virtual threads introduced in Project Loom.

Next, we’ll share several use cases for virtual threads and the APIs that the project has introduced.

Before we start, we need to note this project is under active development. We’ll run our examples on early access loom VM: openjdk-15-loom+4-55_windows-x64_bin.

Newer versions of the builds are free to change and break current APIs. That being said, there was already a major change in the API, as the previously used java.lang.Fiber class has been removed and replaced with the new java.lang.VirtualThread class.

2. High-Level Overview of Thread vs. Virtual Thread

At a high level, a thread is managed and scheduled by the operating system, while a virtual thread is managed and scheduled by a virtual machine. Now, to create a new kernel thread, we must do a system call, and that’s a costly operation.

That’s why we’re using thread pools instead of reallocating and deallocating threads as needed. Next, if we’d like to scale our application by adding more threads, due to the context switching and their memory footprint, the cost of maintaining those threads may be significant and affect the processing time.

Then, usually, we don’t want to block those threads, and this results in usages of non-blocking I/O APIs and asynchronous APIs, which might clutter our code.

On the contrary, virtual threads are managed by the JVM. Therefore, their allocation doesn’t require a system call, and they’re free of the operating system’s context switch. Furthermore, virtual threads run on the carrier thread, which is the actual kernel thread used under-the-hood. As a result, since we’re free of the system’s context switch, we could spawn many more such virtual threads.

Next, a key property of virtual threads is that they don’t block our carrier thread. With that, blocking a virtual thread is becoming a much cheaper operation, as the JVM will schedule another virtual thread, leaving the carrier thread unblocked.

Ultimately, we wouldn’t need to reach out for NIO or Async APIs. This should result in more readable code that is easier to understand and debug. Nevertheless, the continuation can potentially block a carrier thread — specifically, when a thread calls a native method and performs blocking operations from there.

3. New Thread Builder API

In Loom, we got the new builder API in the Thread class, along with several factory methods. Let’s see how we can create standard and virtual factories and make use of them for our thread execution:

Runnable printThread = () -> System.out.println(Thread.currentThread());
        
ThreadFactory virtualThreadFactory = Thread.builder().virtual().factory();
ThreadFactory kernelThreadFactory = Thread.builder().factory();

Thread virtualThread = virtualThreadFactory.newThread(printThread);
Thread kernelThread = kernelThreadFactory.newThread(printThread);

virtualThread.start();
kernelThread.start();

Here’s the output of the above run:

Thread[Thread-0,5,main]
VirtualThread[<unnamed>,ForkJoinPool-1-worker-3,CarrierThreads]

Here, the first entry is the standard toString output of the kernel thread.

Now, we see in the output that the virtual thread has no name, and it’s executing on a worker thread of the Fork-Join pool from the CarrierThreads thread group.

As we can see, regardless of the underlying implementation, the API is the same, and that implies we could easily run existing code on the virtual threads.

Also, we don’t need to learn a new API to make use of them.

4. Virtual Thread Composition

It is a continuation and a scheduler that, together, make up a virtual thread. Now, our user-mode scheduler may be any implementation of the Executor interface. The above example has shown us that, by default, we run on the ForkJoinPool.

Now, similarly to a kernel thread – which can be executed on the CPU, then parked, rescheduled back, and then resumes its execution – a continuation is an execution unit that can be started, then parked (yielded), rescheduled back, and resumes its execution in that same way from where it left off and still be managed by a JVM instead of relying on an operating system.

Note that the continuation is a low-level API, and that programmers should to use higher-level APIs like the builder API to run virtual threads.

However, to show how it’s working under-the-hood, now we’ll run our experimental continuation:

var scope = new ContinuationScope("C1");
var c = new Continuation(scope, () -> {
    System.out.println("Start C1");
    Continuation.yield(scope);
    System.out.println("End C1");
});

while (!c.isDone()) {
    System.out.println("Start run()");
    c.run();
    System.out.println("End run()");
}

Here’s the output of the above run:

Start run()
Start C1
End run()
Start run()
End C1
End run()

In this example, we ran our continuation and, at some point, decided to stop the processing. Then once we re-ran it, our continuation continued from where it left off. By the output, we see that the run() method was called twice, but the continuation was started once and then continued its execution on the second run from where it left off.

This is how blocking operations are meant to be processed by the JVM. Once a blocking operation happens, the continuation will yield, leaving the carrier thread unblocked.

So, what happened is that our main thread created a new stack frame on its call stack for the run() method and proceeded with the execution. Then, after the continuation yielded, the JVM saved the current state of its execution.

Next, the main thread has continued its execution as if the run() method returned and continued with the while loop. After the second call to continuation’s run method, the JVM restored the state of the main thread to the point where the continuation has yielded and finished the execution.

5. Conclusion

In this article, we discussed the difference between the kernel thread and the virtual thread. Next, we showed how we could use a new thread builder API from Project Loom to run the virtual threads.

Finally, we showed what a continuation is and how it works under-the-hood. We can further explore the state of Project Loom by inspecting the early access VM. Alternatively, we can explore more of the already standardized Java concurrency APIs.

Baeldung Pro – NPI EA (cat = Baeldung)
announcement - icon

Baeldung Pro comes with both absolutely No-Ads as well as finally with Dark Mode, for a clean learning experience:

>> Explore a clean Baeldung

Once the early-adopter seats are all used, the price will go up and stay at $33/year.

Partner – Microsoft – NPI EA (cat = Spring Boot)
announcement - icon

Azure Container Apps is a fully managed serverless container service that enables you to build and deploy modern, cloud-native Java applications and microservices at scale. It offers a simplified developer experience while providing the flexibility and portability of containers.

Of course, Azure Container Apps has really solid support for our ecosystem, from a number of build options, managed Java components, native metrics, dynamic logger, and quite a bit more.

To learn more about Java features on Azure Container Apps, visit the documentation page.

You can also ask questions and leave feedback on the Azure Container Apps GitHub page.

Partner – Orkes – NPI EA (cat = Spring)
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Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

With Orkes Conductor managed through Orkes Cloud, developers can focus on building mission critical applications without worrying about infrastructure maintenance to meet goals and, simply put, taking new products live faster and reducing total cost of ownership.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

Partner – Orkes – NPI EA (tag = Microservices)
announcement - icon

Modern software architecture is often broken. Slow delivery leads to missed opportunities, innovation is stalled due to architectural complexities, and engineering resources are exceedingly expensive.

Orkes is the leading workflow orchestration platform built to enable teams to transform the way they develop, connect, and deploy applications, microservices, AI agents, and more.

With Orkes Conductor managed through Orkes Cloud, developers can focus on building mission critical applications without worrying about infrastructure maintenance to meet goals and, simply put, taking new products live faster and reducing total cost of ownership.

Try a 14-Day Free Trial of Orkes Conductor today.

eBook – HTTP Client – NPI EA (cat=HTTP Client-Side)
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The Apache HTTP Client is a very robust library, suitable for both simple and advanced use cases when testing HTTP endpoints. Check out our guide covering basic request and response handling, as well as security, cookies, timeouts, and more:

>> Download the eBook

eBook – Java Concurrency – NPI EA (cat=Java Concurrency)
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Handling concurrency in an application can be a tricky process with many potential pitfalls. A solid grasp of the fundamentals will go a long way to help minimize these issues.

Get started with understanding multi-threaded applications with our Java Concurrency guide:

>> Download the eBook

eBook – Java Streams – NPI EA (cat=Java Streams)
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Since its introduction in Java 8, the Stream API has become a staple of Java development. The basic operations like iterating, filtering, mapping sequences of elements are deceptively simple to use.

But these can also be overused and fall into some common pitfalls.

To get a better understanding on how Streams work and how to combine them with other language features, check out our guide to Java Streams:

>> Join Pro and download the eBook

eBook – Persistence – NPI EA (cat=Persistence)
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Working on getting your persistence layer right with Spring?

Explore the eBook

Course – LS – NPI EA (cat=REST)

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Get started with Spring Boot and with core Spring, through the Learn Spring course:

>> CHECK OUT THE COURSE

Course – Spring Sale 2025 – NPI EA (cat= Baeldung)
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Yes, we're now running our Spring Sale. All Courses are 25% off until 26th May, 2025:

>> EXPLORE ACCESS NOW

Course – Spring Sale 2025 – NPI (All)
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Yes, we're now running our Spring Sale. All Courses are 25% off until 26th May, 2025:

>> EXPLORE ACCESS NOW

eBook – Java Concurrency – NPI (cat=Java Concurrency)
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Handling concurrency in an application can be a tricky process with many potential pitfalls. A solid grasp of the fundamentals will go a long way to help minimize these issues.

Get started with understanding multi-threaded applications with our Java Concurrency guide:

>> Download the eBook

eBook Jackson – NPI EA – 3 (cat = Jackson)